A mother zebra longwing lays her eggs singly on the tender stem tips and leaves of passion vine. The eggs are very small, yellow, and cylindrical with beaded surfaces.

She may lay up to 1000 eggs; however, because of predation, disease and other natural causes, many do not make it to the adult stage. As shown below, spiders are one of the predators.

The eggs hatch into tiny yellow caterpillars. The penny below shows the scale of the eggs and newly-hatched caterpillars.

After hatching, caterpillars are voracious eaters. Below are caterpillars eating corky-stem passion vine. Note the difference in size of these individuals. As they grow, each caterpillar will molt five times before it pupates (forms a chrysalis). The smaller caterpillar in the picture on the left is a new hatchling, while the larger is getting ready to molt into a chrysalis.

Below, a close-up shows a caterpillar feeding. The head is on the left. The spines are not venomous, but they would probably ward off some predators.

When a caterpillar is ready to pupate, it crawls to a surface where it can hang. It deposits silk at its posterior end and hangs for about a day, as shown below on the left. Then it quickly begins its transformation into a chrysalis. This transformation takes about a minute. In the middle picture below, the skin just behind the head has split. In the picture on the right, the caterpillar's skin is pushed up and the chrysalis begins emerging.

Below: The chrysalis continues to emerge. It wriggles out of the caterpillar skin, which eventually falls to the ground. In the right picture below, the chrysalis skin hardens and it remains that way for almost two weeks. During that time, the chrysalis cannot feed and inside its skin, it is transforming into an adult.

 

About 12 days later, the chrysalis becomes transparent and the adult butterfly emerges. When the adult emerges, its wings are folded.

In the photograph above on the right and in the photo below on the left, the butterfly is unfolding its wings by pumping blood into the veins in wings. After filling its wing veins with blood, it excretes excess blood from its abdomen. Once the wings are fully extended and dry, it's ready to fly, and forage for food.

The picture below shows a butterfly that has flown to pentas to feed.

Zebra longwing butterflies belong to a group called the brush-footed butterflies. Although they have three pairs of legs like all other butterflies, their first pair of legs are modified into brushes which have taste sensors that help the female identify plants on which to lay its eggs. The photo below shows 1-antenna, 2-compound eye, 3-proboscis, 4-modified first pair of legs, 5-second pair of legs, 6-third pair of legs.

Below is a close-up photo of the side of a butterfly's head. Notice the facets of the eye. Butterflies can see both visible light and ultraviolet light. They see designs and colors in flowers that we cannot see. Once a butterfly spots a good nectar source, it lands on the flower, uncurls its proboscis, places it into the tubular pistil of a flower, and begins sucking up nectar. An unusual thing about a zebra longwing is that when it places its proboscis into the pistil, pollen from the flower's stamens sticks to the outside of the proboscis. A zebra longwing produces an enzyme that is expelled from the tip of its proboscis; the enzyme digests the pollen. The digested pollen can then be sucked up the proboscis. The amino acids in the digested pollen give the butterfly extra food/energy for producing reproductive materials and for extending it lifetime. Most other butterflies live as adults for a few weeks; a zebra longwing can live up to six months.

After emerging from the chrysalis, adults do not wait long to mate. In fact, the scent of a female butterfly can be detected while she is still inside a chrysalis, as shown below. It is not uncommon to see males flittering around a chrysalis waiting to be the first to mate.

Below, the female on the left was released back to the garden after being raised from an egg; she was mating within a few minutes of the release. Note that the male has tattered wings.

At night, zebra longwings cluster on a branch of a tree. It is thought that this is a way of defending themselves from predators. Each butterfly produces a pheromone (scent). In large groups, the smell can be quite strong. There can be up to 60 individuals in a cluster.

The favorite habitat of the zebra longwing is a tropical hammock in the southern parts of Florida. This butterfly was recognized as Florida's state butterfly in 1996.

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Links:

Index to Butterfly and Moth Visitors to Gardens

Index To Photographs of Plants in the Gardens

Plant Lists by Garden

Conservancy of SW Florida Butterfly Garden Home Page

Conservancy of SW Florida Home Page.

Please report errors to Susan Snyder at ssnyder2@columbus.rr.com